/ BBS in a Box 15 / BBS in a box XV-1.iso / Files / Educ / Higher Ed / N-Z / XLogicCircuits 1.2.sit / xLogicCircuits 1.2 / About xLogicCircuts

next >

MacOS 8.1

Win98

DOS

view JSON data

view as text

+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+
|00000000| 00 13 41 62 6f 75 74 20 | 78 4c 6f 67 69 63 43 69 |..About |xLogicCi|
|00000010| 72 63 75 74 73 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |rcuts...|........|
|00000020| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000030| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000040| 00 54 45 58 54 74 74 78 | 74 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |.TEXTttx|t.......|
|00000050| 00 00 00 00 00 20 9f 00 | 00 01 4c ab f0 1c 3a ab |..... ..|..L...:.|
|00000060| f0 1c 3a 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |..:.....|........|
|00000070| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 81 81 a4 8a 00 00 |........|........|
|00000080| 0d 20 20 20 20 49 20 77 | 72 6f 74 65 20 74 68 69 |.    I w|rote thi|
|00000090| 73 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 | 6d 20 72 61 74 68 65 72 |s progra|m rather|
|000000a0| 20 71 75 69 63 6b 6c 79 | 20 61 20 66 65 77 20 79 | quickly| a few y|
|000000b0| 65 61 72 73 20 61 67 6f | 20 66 6f 72 20 75 73 65 |ears ago| for use|
|000000c0| 20 69 6e 20 61 6e 20 69 | 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 74 | in an i|ntroduct|
|000000d0| 6f 72 79 20 63 6f 6d 70 | 75 74 65 72 20 73 63 69 |ory comp|uter sci|
|000000e0| 65 6e 63 65 20 63 6f 75 | 72 73 65 2e 20 20 49 74 |ence cou|rse.  It|
|000000f0| 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 20 66 | 69 6e 65 20 66 6f 72 20 | works f|ine for |
|00000100| 74 68 65 20 65 78 61 6d | 70 6c 65 73 20 49 20 77 |the exam|ples I w|
|00000110| 61 6e 74 65 64 20 74 6f | 20 64 6f 20 69 6e 20 74 |anted to| do in t|
|00000120| 68 61 74 20 63 6f 75 72 | 73 65 2c 20 69 6e 63 6c |hat cour|se, incl|
|00000130| 75 64 69 6e 67 20 6e 6f | 6e 2d 74 72 69 76 69 61 |uding no|n-trivia|
|00000140| 6c 20 63 69 72 63 75 69 | 74 73 20 73 75 63 68 20 |l circui|ts such |
|00000150| 61 73 20 66 6c 69 70 2d | 66 6c 6f 70 73 2c 20 62 |as flip-|flops, b|
|00000160| 75 74 20 69 74 20 64 6f | 65 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 70 |ut it do|es not p|
|00000170| 72 6f 66 65 73 73 20 74 | 6f 20 62 65 20 61 20 73 |rofess t|o be a s|
|00000180| 65 72 69 6f 75 73 20 63 | 69 72 63 75 69 74 2d 64 |erious c|ircuit-d|
|00000190| 65 73 69 67 6e 20 70 72 | 6f 67 72 61 6d 2e 20 20 |esign pr|ogram.  |
|000001a0| 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 | 61 20 66 72 65 65 77 61 |This is |a freewa|
|000001b0| 72 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 | 61 6d 20 74 68 61 74 20 |re progr|am that |
|000001c0| 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 66 | 72 65 65 6c 79 20 64 69 |can be f|reely di|
|000001d0| 73 74 72 69 62 75 74 65 | 64 2c 20 61 73 20 6c 6f |stribute|d, as lo|
|000001e0| 6e 67 20 61 73 20 6e 6f | 20 63 68 61 72 67 65 20 |ng as no| charge |
|000001f0| 69 73 20 6d 61 64 65 2e | 20 20 49 74 20 63 61 6e |is made.|  It can|
|00000200| 20 20 62 65 20 64 69 73 | 74 72 69 62 75 74 65 64 |  be dis|tributed|
|00000210| 20 6f 6e 20 61 6e 6f 6e | 79 6d 6f 75 73 20 46 54 | on anon|ymous FT|
|00000220| 50 20 73 69 74 65 73 2c | 20 62 75 6c 6c 65 74 69 |P sites,| bulleti|
|00000230| 6e 20 62 6f 61 72 64 73 | 2c 20 6f 6e 2d 6c 69 6e |n boards|, on-lin|
|00000240| 65 20 73 65 72 76 69 63 | 65 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 |e servic|es, and |
|00000250| 43 44 20 73 68 61 72 65 | 77 61 72 65 20 63 6f 6c |CD share|ware col|
|00000260| 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 | 2c 20 61 73 20 6c 6f 6e |lections|, as lon|
|00000270| 67 20 61 73 20 6e 6f 20 | 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 |g as no |special |
|00000280| 63 68 61 72 67 65 20 69 | 73 20 6d 61 64 65 2e 0d |charge i|s made..|
|00000290| 0d 20 20 20 20 20 4e 6f | 74 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 |.     No|te that |
|000002a0| 76 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 20 | 31 2e 32 20 61 64 64 73 |version |1.2 adds|
|000002b0| 20 70 72 69 6e 74 69 6e | 67 20 63 61 70 61 62 69 | printin|g capabi|
|000002c0| 6c 69 74 79 20 74 6f 20 | 76 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 20 |lity to |version |
|000002d0| 31 2e 31 2e 0d 0d 20 20 | 20 20 20 53 6f 6d 65 20 |1.1...  |   Some |
|000002e0| 74 69 6d 65 20 61 66 74 | 65 72 20 77 72 69 74 69 |time aft|er writi|
|000002f0| 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 70 | 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 2c 20 |ng the p|rogram, |
|00000300| 49 20 62 65 67 61 6e 20 | 77 6f 72 6b 20 6f 6e 20 |I began |work on |
|00000310| 61 6e 20 69 6e 74 72 6f | 64 75 63 74 6f 72 79 20 |an intro|ductory |
|00000320| 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 | 20 73 63 69 65 6e 63 65 |computer| science|
|00000330| 20 74 65 78 74 62 6f 6f | 6b 2c 20 22 54 68 65 20 | textboo|k, "The |
|00000340| 4d 6f 73 74 20 43 6f 6d | 70 6c 65 78 20 4d 61 63 |Most Com|plex Mac|
|00000350| 68 69 6e 65 3a 20 20 41 | 20 53 75 72 76 65 79 20 |hine:  A| Survey |
|00000360| 6f 66 20 43 6f 6d 70 75 | 74 65 72 73 20 61 6e 64 |of Compu|ters and|
|00000370| 20 43 6f 6d 70 75 74 69 | 6e 67 22 20 28 74 6f 20 | Computi|ng" (to |
|00000380| 62 65 20 70 75 62 6c 69 | 73 68 65 64 20 69 6e 20 |be publi|shed in |
|00000390| 4a 75 6c 79 2c 20 31 39 | 39 35 2c 20 62 79 20 41 |July, 19|95, by A|
|000003a0| 20 4b 20 50 65 74 65 72 | 73 20 4c 54 44 2c 20 57 | K Peter|s LTD, W|
|000003b0| 65 6c 6c 65 73 6c 65 79 | 20 4d 41 20 55 53 45 3b |ellesley| MA USE;|
|000003c0| 20 49 53 42 4e 20 31 2d | 35 36 38 38 31 2d 30 35 | ISBN 1-|56881-05|
|000003d0| 34 2d 37 29 2e 20 20 49 | 20 75 73 65 20 78 4c 6f |4-7).  I| use xLo|
|000003e0| 67 69 63 43 69 72 63 75 | 69 74 73 2c 20 61 6c 6f |gicCircu|its, alo|
|000003f0| 6e 67 20 77 69 74 68 20 | 73 6f 6d 65 20 6e 65 77 |ng with |some new|
|00000400| 65 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 | 61 6d 73 20 49 20 68 61 |er progr|ams I ha|
|00000410| 76 65 20 77 72 69 74 74 | 65 6e 2c 20 69 6e 20 74 |ve writt|en, in t|
|00000420| 68 65 20 63 6f 75 72 73 | 65 20 49 20 74 65 61 63 |he cours|e I teac|
|00000430| 68 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 62 | 6f 6f 6b 2e 20 20 49 66 |h from b|ook.  If|
|00000440| 20 79 6f 75 20 6c 69 6b | 65 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 | you lik|e the pr|
|00000450| 6f 67 72 61 6d 2c 20 63 | 6f 6e 73 69 64 65 72 20 |ogram, c|onsider |
|00000460| 62 75 79 69 6e 67 20 74 | 68 65 20 62 6f 6f 6b 21 |buying t|he book!|
|00000470| 20 20 41 74 20 6c 65 61 | 73 74 20 79 6f 75 20 63 |  At lea|st you c|
|00000480| 6f 75 6c 64 20 61 6b 73 | 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6c 69 |ould aks| your li|
|00000490| 62 72 61 72 79 20 74 6f | 20 6f 72 64 65 72 20 69 |brary to| order i|
|000004a0| 74 2e 20 20 28 4a 75 73 | 74 20 69 6e 20 63 61 73 |t.  (Jus|t in cas|
|000004b0| 65 2c 20 61 6e 20 6f 72 | 64 65 72 20 66 6f 72 6d |e, an or|der form|
|000004c0| 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 | 20 62 6f 6f 6b 20 69 73 | for the| book is|
|000004d0| 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 | 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 | include|d with t|
|000004e0| 68 69 73 20 70 72 6f 67 | 72 61 6d 20 69 6e 20 61 |his prog|ram in a|
|000004f0| 20 66 69 6c 65 20 63 61 | 6c 6c 65 64 20 22 54 4d | file ca|lled "TM|
|00000500| 43 4d 20 6f 72 64 65 72 | 20 66 6f 72 6d 22 2d 2d |CM order| form"--|
|00000510| 6f 72 20 61 74 20 6c 65 | 61 73 74 20 69 74 20 77 |or at le|ast it w|
|00000520| 61 73 20 77 68 65 6e 20 | 49 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 |as when |I first |
|00000530| 72 65 6c 65 61 73 65 64 | 20 69 74 2e 29 0d 0d 49 |released| it.)..I|
|00000540| 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 | 6f 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 73 |nformati|on and s|
|00000550| 75 70 6f 72 74 20 66 6f | 72 20 74 68 65 20 62 6f |uport fo|r the bo|
|00000560| 6f 6b 20 61 6e 64 20 70 | 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 |ok and p|rograms |
|00000570| 28 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 69 | 6e 67 20 78 4c 6f 67 69 |(includi|ng xLogi|
|00000580| 63 43 69 72 63 75 69 74 | 73 29 20 69 73 20 61 76 |cCircuit|s) is av|
|00000590| 61 69 6c 61 62 6c 65 20 | 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 57 |ailable |on the W|
|000005a0| 6f 72 6c 64 20 57 69 64 | 65 20 57 65 62 20 61 74 |orld Wid|e Web at|
|000005b0| 3a 20 20 20 68 74 74 70 | 3a 2f 2f 6d 61 74 68 2e |:   http|://math.|
|000005c0| 68 77 73 2e 65 64 75 2f | 54 4d 43 4d 2e 68 74 6d |hws.edu/|TMCM.htm|
|000005d0| 6c 0d 0d 0d 44 61 76 69 | 64 20 45 63 6b 0d 44 65 |l...Davi|d Eck.De|
|000005e0| 70 61 72 74 6d 65 6e 74 | 20 6f 66 20 4d 61 74 68 |partment| of Math|
|000005f0| 65 6d 61 74 69 63 73 0d | 48 6f 62 61 72 74 20 61 |ematics.|Hobart a|
|00000600| 6e 64 20 57 69 6c 6c 69 | 61 6d 20 53 6d 69 74 68 |nd Willi|am Smith|
|00000610| 20 43 6f 6c 6c 65 67 65 | 73 0d 47 65 6e 65 76 61 | College|s.Geneva|
|00000620| 2c 20 4e 59 20 20 20 31 | 34 34 35 36 0d 28 45 2d |, NY   1|4456.(E-|
|00000630| 6d 61 69 6c 3a 20 20 65 | 63 6b 40 68 77 73 2e 65 |mail:  e|ck@hws.e|
|00000640| 64 75 29 0d 0d 2a 2a 2a | 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a |du)..***|********|
|00000650| 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a | 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a |********|********|
|00000660| 2a 2a 0d 0d 41 62 6f 75 | 74 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 |**..Abou|t the pr|
|00000670| 6f 67 72 61 6d 3a 0d 0d | 0d 20 20 20 20 20 54 68 |ogram:..|.     Th|
|00000680| 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 | 6d 20 78 4c 6f 67 69 63 |e progra|m xLogic|
|00000690| 43 69 72 63 75 69 74 73 | 20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 73 20 |Circuits| allows |
|000006a0| 79 6f 75 20 74 6f 20 63 | 6f 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 |you to c|onstruct|
|000006b0| 20 28 72 61 74 68 65 72 | 20 69 64 65 61 6c 69 7a | (rather| idealiz|
|000006c0| 65 64 29 20 63 69 72 63 | 75 69 74 73 20 6d 61 64 |ed) circ|uits mad|
|000006d0| 65 20 75 70 20 6f 66 20 | 41 4e 44 2c 20 4f 52 2c |e up of |AND, OR,|
|000006e0| 20 61 6e 64 20 4e 4f 54 | 20 67 61 74 65 73 2e 20 | and NOT| gates. |
|000006f0| 20 43 69 72 63 75 69 74 | 73 20 77 69 74 68 20 66 | Circuit|s with f|
|00000700| 65 65 64 62 61 63 6b 20 | 6c 6f 6f 70 73 20 61 72 |eedback |loops ar|
|00000710| 65 20 61 6c 6f 77 65 64 | 2c 20 73 6f 20 74 68 61 |e alowed|, so tha|
|00000720| 74 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 | 6e 20 63 6f 6e 73 74 72 |t you ca|n constr|
|00000730| 75 63 74 20 6d 65 6d 6f | 72 79 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 |uct memo|ry eleme|
|00000740| 6e 74 73 20 73 75 63 68 | 20 61 73 20 66 6c 69 70 |nts such| as flip|
|00000750| 2d 66 6c 6f 70 73 2e 20 | 20 59 6f 75 20 63 61 6e |-flops. | You can|
|00000760| 20 73 61 76 65 20 74 68 | 65 20 63 69 72 63 75 69 | save th|e circui|
|00000770| 74 73 20 61 73 20 66 69 | 6c 65 73 2e 20 20 54 68 |ts as fi|les.  Th|
|00000780| 65 73 65 20 66 69 6c 65 | 73 20 63 61 6e 20 6c 61 |ese file|s can la|
|00000790| 74 65 72 20 62 65 20 75 | 73 65 64 20 61 73 20 73 |ter be u|sed as s|
|000007a0| 75 62 63 69 72 63 75 69 | 74 73 20 69 6e 20 63 69 |ubcircui|ts in ci|
|000007b0| 72 63 75 69 74 73 20 63 | 72 65 61 74 65 64 20 77 |rcuits c|reated w|
|000007c0| 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 | 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 2e |ith the |program.|
|000007d0| 20 20 41 20 6e 75 6d 62 | 65 72 20 6f 66 20 73 61 |  A numb|er of sa|
|000007e0| 6d 70 6c 65 20 66 69 6c | 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 69 |mple fil|es are i|
|000007f0| 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 64 20 | 6f 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 |ncluded |on this |
|00000800| 64 69 73 6b 2e 20 20 42 | 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 6f |disk.  B|ecause o|
|00000810| 66 20 74 68 65 20 77 61 | 79 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 |f the wa|y the pr|
|00000820| 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 69 73 | 20 77 72 69 74 74 65 6e |ogram is| written|
|00000830| 2c 20 63 69 72 63 75 69 | 74 73 20 63 72 65 61 74 |, circui|ts creat|
|00000840| 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 61 20 | 6c 61 72 67 65 20 73 63 |ed on a |large sc|
|00000850| 72 65 65 6e 20 63 61 6e | 6e 6f 74 20 62 65 20 64 |reen can|not be d|
|00000860| 69 73 70 6c 61 79 65 64 | 20 6f 6e 20 61 20 73 6d |isplayed| on a sm|
|00000870| 61 6c 6c 65 72 20 73 63 | 72 65 65 6e 2e 20 20 49 |aller sc|reen.  I|
|00000880| 20 68 61 76 65 20 69 6e | 63 6c 75 64 65 64 20 73 | have in|cluded s|
|00000890| 61 6d 70 6c 65 20 66 69 | 6c 65 73 20 66 6f 72 20 |ample fi|les for |
|000008a0| 62 6f 74 68 20 6c 61 72 | 67 65 20 61 6e 64 20 73 |both lar|ge and s|
|000008b0| 6d 61 6c 6c 20 73 63 72 | 65 65 6e 73 2e 0d 0d 20 |mall scr|eens... |
|000008c0| 20 20 20 20 54 68 65 20 | 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 |    The |program |
|000008d0| 63 6f 6e 74 69 6e 75 61 | 6c 6c 79 20 72 75 6e 73 |continua|lly runs|
|000008e0| 20 61 6e 79 20 63 69 72 | 63 75 69 74 20 74 68 61 | any cir|cuit tha|
|000008f0| 74 20 69 73 20 64 69 73 | 70 6c 61 79 65 64 2e 20 |t is dis|played. |
|00000900| 20 49 6e 20 6f 6e 65 20 | 63 79 63 6c 65 2c 20 74 | In one |cycle, t|
|00000910| 68 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 | 61 6d 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 73 |he progr|am looks|
|00000920| 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 | 69 6e 70 75 74 73 20 74 | at the |inputs t|
|00000930| 6f 20 65 61 63 68 20 67 | 61 74 65 20 61 6e 64 20 |o each g|ate and |
|00000940| 64 65 74 65 72 6d 69 6e | 65 73 20 77 68 61 74 20 |determin|es what |
|00000950| 74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 70 | 75 74 20 73 68 6f 75 6c |the outp|ut shoul|
|00000960| 64 20 62 65 2e 20 20 54 | 68 65 20 6f 75 74 70 75 |d be.  T|he outpu|
|00000970| 74 20 76 61 6c 75 65 20 | 69 73 20 74 68 65 6e 20 |t value |is then |
|00000980| 70 72 6f 70 61 67 61 74 | 65 64 20 74 68 72 6f 75 |propagat|ed throu|
|00000990| 67 68 20 61 6c 6c 20 74 | 68 65 20 77 69 72 65 73 |gh all t|he wires|
|000009a0| 20 74 6f 20 77 68 69 63 | 68 20 74 68 65 20 6f 75 | to whic|h the ou|
|000009b0| 74 70 75 74 20 69 73 20 | 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 |tput is |connecte|
|000009c0| 64 3b 20 69 74 20 69 73 | 20 70 72 6f 70 61 67 61 |d; it is| propaga|
|000009d0| 74 65 64 20 75 70 20 74 | 6f 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e |ted up t|o the in|
|000009e0| 70 75 74 20 6c 65 61 64 | 73 20 74 6f 20 6f 74 68 |put lead|s to oth|
|000009f0| 65 72 20 67 61 74 65 73 | 2c 20 62 75 74 20 69 74 |er gates|, but it|
|00000a00| 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 68 61 | 76 65 20 6e 6f 20 65 66 | will ha|ve no ef|
|00000a10| 66 65 63 74 20 6f 6e 20 | 74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 70 |fect on |the outp|
|00000a20| 75 74 20 6f 66 20 73 75 | 63 68 20 67 61 74 65 73 |ut of su|ch gates|
|00000a30| 20 75 6e 74 69 6c 20 74 | 68 65 20 6e 65 78 74 20 | until t|he next |
|00000a40| 63 79 63 6c 65 2e 20 20 | 49 6e 20 65 73 73 65 6e |cycle.  |In essen|
|00000a50| 63 65 2c 20 74 68 69 73 | 20 6d 65 61 6e 73 20 74 |ce, this| means t|
|00000a60| 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 | 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 |hat the |program |
|00000a70| 61 73 73 75 6d 65 73 20 | 61 20 6f 6e 65 2d 63 79 |assumes |a one-cy|
|00000a80| 63 6c 65 20 74 69 6d 65 | 20 64 65 6c 61 79 20 66 |cle time| delay f|
|00000a90| 6f 72 20 61 20 73 69 67 | 6e 61 6c 20 74 6f 20 70 |or a sig|nal to p|
|00000aa0| 61 73 73 20 74 68 72 6f | 75 67 68 20 61 20 67 61 |ass thro|ugh a ga|
|00000ab0| 74 65 2c 20 62 75 74 20 | 6e 6f 20 74 69 6d 65 20 |te, but |no time |
|00000ac0| 64 65 6c 61 79 20 66 6f | 72 20 61 20 73 69 67 6e |delay fo|r a sign|
|00000ad0| 61 6c 20 74 6f 20 70 61 | 73 73 20 61 6c 6f 6e 67 |al to pa|ss along|
|00000ae0| 20 61 20 77 69 72 65 2e | 20 20 54 68 69 73 20 67 | a wire.|  This g|
|00000af0| 69 76 65 73 20 74 68 65 | 20 63 6f 72 72 65 63 74 |ives the| correct|
|00000b00| 20 62 65 68 61 76 69 6f | 72 20 66 6f 72 20 63 6f | behavio|r for co|
|00000b10| 6d 6d 6f 6e 20 63 69 72 | 63 75 69 74 73 2c 20 61 |mmon cir|cuits, a|
|00000b20| 6c 74 68 6f 75 67 68 20 | 69 74 20 64 6f 65 73 20 |lthough |it does |
|00000b30| 67 69 76 65 20 61 20 73 | 75 72 70 72 69 73 69 6e |give a s|urprisin|
|00000b40| 67 20 72 65 73 75 6c 74 | 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 |g result| if you |
|00000b50| 6d 61 6b 65 20 61 20 6c | 6f 6f 70 20 6f 66 20 73 |make a l|oop of s|
|00000b60| 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 4e | 4f 54 20 67 61 74 65 73 |everal N|OT gates|
|00000b70| 20 61 6e 64 20 74 75 72 | 6e 20 6f 66 66 20 74 68 | and tur|n off th|
|00000b80| 65 20 70 6f 77 65 72 20 | 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 |e power |with the|
|00000b90| 20 50 6f 77 65 72 20 49 | 6e 74 65 72 72 75 70 74 | Power I|nterrupt|
|00000ba0| 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 | 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 | command| in the |
|00000bb0| 45 64 69 74 20 6d 65 6e | 75 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 |Edit men|u...    |
|00000bc0| 20 57 68 65 6e 20 79 6f | 75 20 73 74 61 72 74 20 | When yo|u start |
|00000bd0| 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 67 | 72 61 6d 20 75 70 20 77 |the prog|ram up w|
|00000be0| 69 74 68 6f 75 74 20 6f | 70 65 6e 69 6e 67 20 61 |ithout o|pening a|
|00000bf0| 20 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e | 74 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 | documen|t, you w|
|00000c00| 69 6c 6c 20 73 65 65 20 | 61 6e 20 65 6d 70 74 79 |ill see |an empty|
|00000c10| 20 22 63 69 72 63 75 69 | 74 20 62 6f 61 72 64 22 | "circui|t board"|
|00000c20| 20 6f 6e 20 77 68 69 63 | 68 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 | on whic|h you ca|
|00000c30| 6e 20 63 6f 6e 73 74 72 | 75 63 74 20 61 20 63 69 |n constr|uct a ci|
|00000c40| 72 63 75 69 74 2e 20 20 | 54 68 65 20 62 6f 61 72 |rcuit.  |The boar|
|00000c50| 64 20 68 61 73 20 65 69 | 67 68 74 20 69 6e 70 75 |d has ei|ght inpu|
|00000c60| 74 20 6c 65 61 64 73 20 | 61 6c 6f 6e 67 20 74 68 |t leads |along th|
|00000c70| 65 20 6c 65 66 74 20 61 | 6e 64 20 65 69 67 68 74 |e left a|nd eight|
|00000c80| 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 | 6c 65 61 64 73 20 61 6c | output |leads al|
|00000c90| 6f 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 | 72 69 67 68 74 2e 20 20 |ong the |right.  |
|00000ca0| 20 41 6c 6f 6e 67 20 74 | 68 65 20 62 6f 74 74 6f | Along t|he botto|
|00000cb0| 6d 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 | 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 20 |m of the| screen |
|00000cc0| 69 73 20 61 20 73 74 72 | 69 70 20 6f 66 20 63 69 |is a str|ip of ci|
|00000cd0| 72 63 75 69 74 20 65 6c | 65 6d 65 6e 74 73 2e 20 |rcuit el|ements. |
|00000ce0| 20 54 68 65 73 65 20 69 | 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 20 61 | These i|nclude a|
|00000cf0| 6e 20 41 4e 44 20 67 61 | 74 65 2c 20 61 6e 20 4f |n AND ga|te, an O|
|00000d00| 52 20 67 61 74 65 2c 20 | 61 20 4e 4f 54 20 67 61 |R gate, |a NOT ga|
|00000d10| 74 65 2c 20 61 20 70 6f | 77 65 72 20 73 6f 75 72 |te, a po|wer sour|
|00000d20| 63 65 20 28 77 68 69 63 | 68 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 79 |ce (whic|h simply|
|00000d30| 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 73 | 20 61 20 63 6f 6e 73 74 | outputs| a const|
|00000d40| 61 6e 74 20 4f 4e 20 73 | 69 67 6e 61 6c 29 2c 20 |ant ON s|ignal), |
|00000d50| 61 6e 64 20 61 20 64 65 | 6c 61 79 20 65 6c 65 6d |and a de|lay elem|
|00000d60| 65 6e 74 20 28 74 68 61 | 74 20 72 65 70 72 65 73 |ent (tha|t repres|
|00000d70| 65 6e 74 73 20 61 20 64 | 65 6c 61 79 20 6f 66 20 |ents a d|elay of |
|00000d80| 61 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 | 69 65 64 20 6e 75 6d 62 |a specif|ied numb|
|00000d90| 65 72 20 6f 66 20 63 79 | 63 6c 65 73 20 77 68 65 |er of cy|cles whe|
|00000da0| 6e 20 61 20 73 69 67 6e | 61 6c 20 70 72 6f 70 61 |n a sign|al propa|
|00000db0| 67 61 74 65 73 20 74 68 | 72 6f 75 67 68 20 69 74 |gates th|rough it|
|00000dc0| 29 2e 20 20 59 6f 75 20 | 63 61 6e 20 75 73 65 20 |).  You |can use |
|00000dd0| 74 68 65 20 69 6e 63 6c | 75 64 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d |the incl|ude comm|
|00000de0| 61 6e 64 20 69 6e 20 74 | 68 65 20 46 69 6c 65 20 |and in t|he File |
|00000df0| 6d 65 6e 75 20 74 6f 20 | 61 64 64 20 73 75 62 63 |menu to |add subc|
|00000e00| 69 72 63 75 69 74 73 20 | 74 6f 20 74 68 69 73 20 |ircuits |to this |
|00000e10| 73 74 72 69 70 2e 20 20 | 20 54 6f 20 70 6c 61 63 |strip.  | To plac|
|00000e20| 65 20 61 20 63 69 72 63 | 75 69 74 20 65 6c 65 6d |e a circ|uit elem|
|00000e30| 65 6e 74 20 6f 6e 20 74 | 68 65 20 63 69 72 63 75 |ent on t|he circu|
|00000e40| 69 74 20 62 6f 61 72 64 | 2c 20 6a 75 73 74 20 75 |it board|, just u|
|00000e50| 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 6d | 6f 75 73 65 20 74 6f 20 |se the m|ouse to |
|00000e60| 64 72 61 67 20 69 74 20 | 69 6e 74 6f 20 70 6f 73 |drag it |into pos|
|00000e70| 69 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 20 | 20 59 6f 75 20 77 69 6c |ition.  | You wil|
|00000e80| 6c 20 6e 6f 74 20 62 65 | 20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 |l not be| allowed|
|00000e90| 20 74 6f 20 70 6c 61 63 | 65 20 61 20 63 69 72 63 | to plac|e a circ|
|00000ea0| 75 69 74 20 65 6c 65 6d | 65 6e 74 20 6f 6e 20 74 |uit elem|ent on t|
|00000eb0| 6f 70 20 6f 66 20 61 6e | 79 20 65 78 69 73 74 69 |op of an|y existi|
|00000ec0| 6e 67 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 | 6e 74 73 2e 20 20 20 4f |ng eleme|nts.   O|
|00000ed0| 6e 63 65 20 61 20 63 69 | 72 63 75 69 74 20 65 6c |nce a ci|rcuit el|
|00000ee0| 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 69 73 | 20 69 6e 20 70 6c 61 63 |ement is| in plac|
|00000ef0| 65 2c 20 69 74 20 63 61 | 6e 6e 6f 74 20 62 65 20 |e, it ca|nnot be |
|00000f00| 6d 6f 76 65 64 20 28 61 | 6c 74 68 6f 75 67 68 20 |moved (a|lthough |
|00000f10| 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 | 64 65 6c 65 74 65 20 69 |you can |delete i|
|00000f20| 74 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 | 68 65 20 55 6e 64 6f 20 |t with t|he Undo |
|00000f30| 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 | 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 64 |command |if you d|
|00000f40| 6f 20 73 6f 20 69 6d 6d | 65 64 69 61 74 65 6c 79 |o so imm|ediately|
|00000f50| 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 70 | 6c 61 63 69 6e 67 20 69 | after p|lacing i|
|00000f60| 74 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 | 20 62 6f 61 72 64 2e 29 |t on the| board.)|
|00000f70| 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 54 6f 20 64 72 61 77 20 |..      |To draw |
|00000f80| 61 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 | 74 69 6e 67 20 77 69 72 |a connec|ting wir|
|00000f90| 65 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 | 20 63 69 72 63 75 69 74 |e on the| circuit|
|00000fa0| 20 62 6f 61 72 64 2c 20 | 6d 6f 76 65 20 74 68 65 | board, |move the|
|00000fb0| 20 6d 6f 75 73 65 20 74 | 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 6f | mouse t|o the so|
|00000fc0| 75 72 63 65 20 6f 66 20 | 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 6e |urce of |the conn|
|00000fd0| 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 | 20 50 72 65 73 73 20 74 |ection. | Press t|
|00000fe0| 68 65 20 62 75 74 74 6f | 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 6d 6f |he butto|n and mo|
|00000ff0| 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 6d | 6f 75 73 65 20 74 6f 20 |ve the m|ouse to |
|00001000| 74 68 65 20 67 6f 61 6c | 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 |the goal| of the |
|00001010| 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 69 | 6f 6e 2e 20 20 41 6c 6f |connecti|on.  Alo|
|00001020| 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 77 | 61 79 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 |ng the w|ay, you |
|00001030| 63 61 6e 20 63 6c 69 63 | 6b 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6f |can clic|k the mo|
|00001040| 75 73 65 20 28 69 2e 65 | 2e 20 72 65 6c 65 61 73 |use (i.e|. releas|
|00001050| 65 20 74 68 65 20 62 75 | 74 74 6f 6e 20 61 6e 64 |e the bu|tton and|
|00001060| 20 70 72 65 73 73 20 69 | 74 20 61 67 61 69 6e 29 | press i|t again)|
|00001070| 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 6b 65 | 20 61 20 22 6a 75 6e 63 | to make| a "junc|
|00001080| 74 69 6f 6e 22 20 77 68 | 69 63 68 20 77 69 6c 6c |tion" wh|ich will|
|00001090| 20 70 69 6e 20 74 68 65 | 20 77 69 72 65 20 64 6f | pin the| wire do|
|000010a0| 77 6e 20 61 74 20 74 68 | 61 74 20 70 6f 69 6e 74 |wn at th|at point|
|000010b0| 20 61 6e 64 20 63 61 6e | 20 61 63 74 20 61 73 20 | and can| act as |
|000010c0| 74 68 65 20 73 6f 75 72 | 63 65 20 66 6f 72 20 6e |the sour|ce for n|
|000010d0| 65 77 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 | 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 2e 20 |ew conne|ctions. |
|000010e0| 20 57 68 65 6e 20 74 68 | 65 20 6d 6f 75 73 65 20 | When th|e mouse |
|000010f0| 69 73 20 61 74 20 74 68 | 65 20 67 6f 61 6c 20 6f |is at th|e goal o|
|00001100| 66 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f | 6e 6e 65 63 74 69 6f 6e |f the co|nnection|
|00001110| 2c 20 72 65 6c 65 61 73 | 65 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6f |, releas|e the mo|
|00001120| 75 73 65 20 62 75 74 74 | 6f 6e 2e 20 20 54 68 65 |use butt|on.  The|
|00001130| 20 73 6f 75 72 63 65 20 | 6f 66 20 61 20 63 6f 6e | source |of a con|
|00001140| 6e 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 | 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 61 |nection |can be a|
|00001150| 6e 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20 | 6c 65 61 64 20 6f 6e 20 |n input |lead on |
|00001160| 74 68 65 20 6c 65 66 74 | 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 |the left| of the |
|00001170| 63 69 72 63 75 69 74 20 | 62 6f 61 72 64 2c 20 61 |circuit |board, a|
|00001180| 6e 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 | 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 61 20 |n output| from a |
|00001190| 67 61 74 65 2c 20 73 75 | 62 63 69 72 63 75 69 74 |gate, su|bcircuit|
|000011a0| 2c 20 64 65 6c 61 79 2c | 20 6f 72 20 70 6f 77 65 |, delay,| or powe|
|000011b0| 72 20 73 6f 75 72 63 65 | 2c 20 6f 72 20 61 20 6a |r source|, or a j|
|000011c0| 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 | 73 6f 6d 65 77 68 65 72 |unction |somewher|
|000011d0| 65 20 61 6c 6f 6e 67 20 | 61 6e 20 65 78 69 73 74 |e along |an exist|
|000011e0| 69 6e 67 20 77 69 72 65 | 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 67 |ing wire|.  The g|
|000011f0| 6f 61 6c 20 63 61 6e 20 | 62 65 20 61 6e 20 6f 75 |oal can |be an ou|
|00001200| 74 70 75 74 20 6c 65 61 | 64 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 |tput lea|d on the|
|00001210| 20 72 69 67 68 74 20 6f | 66 20 74 68 65 20 63 69 | right o|f the ci|
|00001220| 72 63 75 69 74 20 62 6f | 61 72 64 20 6f 72 20 61 |rcuit bo|ard or a|
|00001230| 6e 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20 | 74 6f 20 61 20 67 61 74 |n input |to a gat|
|00001240| 65 20 6f 72 20 73 75 62 | 63 69 72 63 75 69 74 2e |e or sub|circuit.|
|00001250| 20 20 59 6f 75 20 63 61 | 6e 20 61 74 74 61 63 68 |  You ca|n attach|
|00001260| 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c | 20 77 69 72 65 73 20 74 | several| wires t|
|00001270| 6f 20 61 20 73 69 6e 67 | 6c 65 20 73 6f 75 72 63 |o a sing|le sourc|
|00001280| 65 2c 20 62 75 74 20 6f | 6e 6c 79 20 6f 6e 65 20 |e, but o|nly one |
|00001290| 77 69 72 65 20 74 6f 20 | 61 20 67 6f 61 6c 2e 20 |wire to |a goal. |
|000012a0| 20 54 68 65 20 63 75 72 | 73 6f 72 20 63 68 61 6e | The cur|sor chan|
|000012b0| 67 65 73 20 66 72 6f 6d | 20 61 6e 20 61 72 72 6f |ges from| an arro|
|000012c0| 77 20 74 6f 20 61 20 70 | 6c 75 73 20 73 69 67 6e |w to a p|lus sign|
|000012d0| 20 77 68 65 6e 20 69 74 | 20 69 73 20 6f 76 65 72 | when it| is over|
|000012e0| 20 61 20 6c 65 67 61 6c | 20 73 70 6f 74 20 66 6f | a legal| spot fo|
|000012f0| 72 20 70 72 65 73 73 69 | 6e 67 20 6f 72 20 72 65 |r pressi|ng or re|
|00001300| 6c 65 61 73 69 6e 67 20 | 74 68 65 20 6d 6f 75 73 |leasing |the mous|
|00001310| 65 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 | 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 |e.  The |program |
|00001320| 69 73 20 76 65 72 79 20 | 70 69 63 6b 79 3b 20 79 |is very |picky; y|
|00001330| 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 | 74 6f 20 62 65 20 77 69 |ou have |to be wi|
|00001340| 74 68 69 6e 20 61 20 66 | 65 77 20 70 69 78 65 6c |thin a f|ew pixel|
|00001350| 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 | 20 65 78 61 63 74 20 6c |s of the| exact l|
|00001360| 6f 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e | 20 20 42 79 20 74 68 65 |ocation.|  By the|
|00001370| 20 77 61 79 2c 20 69 74 | 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 | way, it| is not |
|00001380| 73 75 66 66 69 63 69 65 | 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 70 6f |sufficie|nt to po|
|00001390| 69 6e 74 20 61 74 20 61 | 20 67 61 74 65 20 6f 72 |int at a| gate or|
|000013a0| 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 63 | 69 72 63 75 69 74 20 65 | other c|ircuit e|
|000013b0| 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 3b 20 | 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 |lement; |you have|
|000013c0| 20 74 6f 20 70 6f 69 6e | 74 20 65 78 61 63 74 6c | to poin|t exactl|
|000013d0| 79 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 | 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20 6f |y at the| input o|
|000013e0| 72 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 | 20 69 74 73 65 6c 66 2e |r output| itself.|
|000013f0| 20 20 28 49 20 61 64 6d | 69 74 20 74 68 69 73 20 |  (I adm|it this |
|00001400| 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 73 | 6f 72 74 20 6f 66 20 61 |can be s|ort of a|
|00001410| 6e 6e 6f 79 69 6e 67 2e | 29 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 |nnoying.|)..     |
|00001420| 41 73 20 73 6f 6f 6e 20 | 61 73 20 79 6f 75 20 63 |As soon |as you c|
|00001430| 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 20 61 | 20 77 69 72 65 20 74 6f |onnect a| wire to|
|00001440| 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 | 74 68 65 20 63 69 72 63 | one of |the circ|
|00001450| 75 69 74 20 62 6f 61 72 | 64 27 73 20 69 6e 70 75 |uit boar|d's inpu|
|00001460| 74 20 6f 72 20 6f 75 74 | 70 75 74 20 6c 65 61 64 |t or out|put lead|
|00001470| 73 2c 20 69 74 20 77 69 | 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 6c 61 |s, it wi|ll be la|
|00001480| 62 65 6c 65 64 20 77 69 | 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 77 |beled wi|th the w|
|00001490| 6f 72 64 20 4f 4e 20 6f | 72 20 4f 46 46 2e 20 20 |ord ON o|r OFF.  |
|000014a0| 59 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 | 63 6c 69 63 6b 20 6f 6e |You can |click on|
|000014b0| 20 74 68 65 20 4f 4e 2f | 4f 46 46 20 6e 65 78 74 | the ON/|OFF next|
|000014c0| 20 74 6f 20 61 6e 20 49 | 4e 50 55 54 20 6c 65 61 | to an I|NPUT lea|
|000014d0| 64 20 74 6f 20 63 68 61 | 6e 67 65 20 69 74 73 20 |d to cha|nge its |
|000014e0| 76 61 6c 75 65 2e 20 20 | 54 68 65 20 76 61 6c 75 |value.  |The valu|
|000014f0| 65 20 6f 66 20 6f 75 74 | 70 75 74 20 6c 65 61 64 |e of out|put lead|
|00001500| 73 20 61 72 65 2c 20 6f | 66 20 63 6f 75 72 73 65 |s are, o|f course|
|00001510| 2c 20 64 65 74 65 72 6d | 69 6e 65 64 20 66 6f 72 |, determ|ined for|
|00001520| 20 79 6f 75 2e 0d 0d 20 | 20 20 20 20 54 68 65 20 | you... |    The |
|00001530| 4f 70 65 6e 2c 20 53 61 | 76 65 2c 20 53 61 76 65 |Open, Sa|ve, Save|
|00001540| 20 41 73 20 61 6e 64 20 | 52 65 76 65 72 74 20 63 | As and |Revert c|
|00001550| 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 | 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 |ommands |in the f|
|00001560| 69 6c 65 20 6d 65 6e 75 | 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 68 |ile menu| have th|
|00001570| 65 69 72 20 75 73 75 61 | 6c 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 |eir usua|l functi|
|00001580| 6f 6e 73 2e 20 20 54 68 | 65 20 49 6e 63 6c 75 64 |ons.  Th|e Includ|
|00001590| 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e | 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 |e comman|d in the|
|000015a0| 20 46 69 6c 65 20 4d 65 | 6e 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 | File Me|nu will |
|000015b0| 62 75 6e 64 6c 65 20 61 | 20 63 69 72 63 75 69 74 |bundle a| circuit|
|000015c0| 20 70 72 65 76 69 6f 75 | 73 6c 79 20 63 72 65 61 | previou|sly crea|
|000015d0| 74 65 64 20 61 6e 64 20 | 73 61 76 65 64 20 62 79 |ted and |saved by|
|000015e0| 20 74 68 69 73 20 70 72 | 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 69 6e | this pr|ogram in|
|000015f0| 74 6f 20 61 20 73 75 62 | 63 69 72 63 75 69 74 20 |to a sub|circuit |
|00001600| 61 6e 64 20 77 69 6c 6c | 20 61 64 64 20 69 74 20 |and will| add it |
|00001610| 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 | 74 72 69 70 20 6f 66 20 |to the s|trip of |
|00001620| 63 69 72 63 75 69 74 20 | 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 73 |circuit |elements|
|00001630| 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 | 62 6f 74 74 6f 6d 20 6f | at the |bottom o|
|00001640| 66 20 74 68 65 20 73 63 | 72 65 65 6e 2c 20 73 6f |f the sc|reen, so|
|00001650| 20 74 68 61 74 20 69 74 | 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 | that it| can be |
|00001660| 75 73 65 64 20 69 6e 20 | 63 72 65 61 74 69 6e 67 |used in |creating|
|00001670| 20 61 20 6e 65 77 20 63 | 69 72 63 75 69 74 2e 20 | a new c|ircuit. |
|00001680| 20 54 68 65 20 50 6f 77 | 65 72 20 49 6e 74 65 72 | The Pow|er Inter|
|00001690| 72 75 70 74 20 63 6f 6d | 6d 61 6e 64 20 69 6e 20 |rupt com|mand in |
|000016a0| 74 68 65 20 45 64 69 74 | 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 77 69 |the Edit| menu wi|
|000016b0| 6c 6c 20 62 72 69 65 66 | 6c 79 20 74 75 72 6e 20 |ll brief|ly turn |
|000016c0| 6f 66 66 20 61 6c 6c 20 | 77 69 72 65 73 3b 20 68 |off all |wires; h|
|000016d0| 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 | 74 68 65 20 63 69 72 63 |owever, |the circ|
|000016e0| 75 69 74 20 77 69 6c 6c | 20 74 68 65 6e 20 73 74 |uit will| then st|
|000016f0| 61 72 74 20 72 75 6e 6e | 69 6e 67 20 61 67 61 69 |art runn|ing agai|
|00001700| 6e 20 69 6d 6d 65 64 69 | 61 74 65 6c 79 2e 20 20 |n immedi|ately.  |
|00001710| 54 68 65 20 55 6e 64 6f | 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 |The Undo| command|
|00001720| 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 | 45 64 69 74 20 6d 65 6e | in the |Edit men|
|00001730| 75 20 63 61 6e 20 75 6e | 64 6f 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 |u can un|do only |
|00001740| 74 68 65 20 6d 6f 73 74 | 20 72 65 63 65 6e 74 20 |the most| recent |
|00001750| 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6f | 6e 3a 20 20 64 72 61 67 |operatio|n:  drag|
|00001760| 67 69 6e 67 20 73 6f 6d | 65 74 68 69 6e 67 20 6f |ging som|ething o|
|00001770| 6e 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 | 63 69 72 63 75 69 74 20 |nto the |circuit |
|00001780| 62 6f 61 72 64 2c 20 64 | 72 61 77 69 6e 67 20 61 |board, d|rawing a|
|00001790| 20 77 69 72 65 2c 20 6f | 72 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 | wire, o|r includ|
|000017a0| 69 6e 67 20 61 20 73 75 | 62 63 69 72 63 75 69 74 |ing a su|bcircuit|
|000017b0| 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 | 73 63 72 6f 6c 6c 20 6c | in the |scroll l|
|000017c0| 69 73 74 2e 20 20 41 66 | 74 65 72 20 79 6f 75 20 |ist.  Af|ter you |
|000017d0| 75 73 65 20 55 6e 64 6f | 2c 20 69 74 20 62 65 63 |use Undo|, it bec|
|000017e0| 6f 6d 65 73 20 52 65 64 | 6f 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 |omes Red|o, which|
|000017f0| 20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 73 20 | 79 6f 75 20 74 6f 20 75 | allows |you to u|
|00001800| 6e 64 6f 20 74 68 65 20 | 75 6e 64 6f 20 63 6f 6d |ndo the |undo com|
|00001810| 6d 61 6e 64 2e 20 20 55 | 6e 66 6f 72 74 75 6e 61 |mand.  U|nfortuna|
|00001820| 74 65 6c 79 2c 20 74 68 | 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 6e |tely, th|ere is n|
|00001830| 6f 20 67 65 6e 65 72 61 | 6c 20 44 65 6c 65 74 65 |o genera|l Delete|
|00001840| 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 | 2e 20 20 48 6f 77 65 76 | command|.  Howev|
|00001850| 65 72 2c 20 6a 75 64 69 | 63 69 6f 75 73 20 75 73 |er, judi|cious us|
|00001860| 65 20 6f 66 20 53 61 76 | 65 2c 20 52 65 76 65 72 |e of Sav|e, Rever|
|00001870| 74 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 55 | 6e 64 6f 20 73 65 65 6d |t, and U|ndo seem|
|00001880| 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 6b 65 | 20 69 74 20 70 6f 73 73 | to make| it poss|
|00001890| 69 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 | 63 6f 6e 73 74 72 75 63 |ible to |construc|
|000018a0| 74 20 72 65 61 73 6f 6e | 61 62 6c 79 20 63 6f 6d |t reason|ably com|
|000018b0| 70 6c 65 78 20 63 69 72 | 63 75 69 74 73 20 77 69 |plex cir|cuits wi|
|000018c0| 74 68 6f 75 74 20 74 6f | 6f 20 6d 75 63 68 20 70 |thout to|o much p|
|000018d0| 61 69 6e 2e 0d 0d 20 20 | 20 20 20 4d 61 6e 79 20 |ain...  |   Many |
|000018e0| 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 65 | 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 20 63 |of the e|xample c|
|000018f0| 69 72 63 75 69 74 73 20 | 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 64 |ircuits |included|
|00001900| 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 69 73 | 20 64 69 73 6b 20 61 72 | on this| disk ar|
|00001910| 65 20 6f 62 76 69 6f 75 | 73 2e 20 20 48 65 72 65 |e obviou|s.  Here|
|00001920| 20 69 73 20 73 6f 6d 65 | 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 | is some| informa|
|00001930| 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 62 6f | 75 74 20 61 20 66 65 77 |tion abo|ut a few|
|00001940| 20 6f 66 20 74 68 6f 73 | 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 61 | of thos|e that a|
|00001950| 72 65 20 6e 6f 74 20 6f | 62 76 69 6f 75 73 2e 0d |re not o|bvious..|
|00001960| 20 20 20 20 20 54 68 72 | 65 65 2d 62 69 74 20 44 |     Thr|ee-bit D|
|00001970| 65 4d 75 78 20 68 61 73 | 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 69 |eMux has| three i|
|00001980| 6e 70 75 74 73 20 72 65 | 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 69 |nputs re|presenti|
|00001990| 6e 67 20 61 20 74 68 72 | 65 65 2d 62 69 74 20 62 |ng a thr|ee-bit b|
|000019a0| 69 6e 61 72 79 20 6e 75 | 6d 62 65 72 2e 20 20 49 |inary nu|mber.  I|
|000019b0| 74 20 68 61 73 20 65 69 | 67 68 74 20 6f 75 74 70 |t has ei|ght outp|
|000019c0| 75 74 73 2e 20 20 49 66 | 20 69 74 73 20 69 6e 70 |uts.  If| its inp|
|000019d0| 75 74 20 72 65 70 72 65 | 73 65 6e 74 73 20 74 68 |ut repre|sents th|
|000019e0| 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 | 20 4e 20 69 6e 20 62 69 |e number| N in bi|
|000019f0| 6e 61 72 79 2c 20 77 68 | 65 72 65 20 30 20 b2 20 |nary, wh|ere 0 . |
|00001a00| 4e 20 b2 20 37 2c 20 74 | 68 65 6e 20 6f 75 74 70 |N . 7, t|hen outp|
|00001a10| 75 74 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 | 72 20 4e 20 69 73 20 74 |ut numbe|r N is t|
|00001a20| 75 72 6e 65 64 20 6f 6e | 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 |urned on| and the|
|00001a30| 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 6f | 75 74 70 75 74 73 20 61 | other o|utputs a|
|00001a40| 72 65 20 6f 66 66 2e 0d | 20 20 20 20 20 49 6e 63 |re off..|     Inc|
|00001a50| 72 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 68 | 61 73 20 6f 6e 65 20 69 |rement h|as one i|
|00001a60| 6e 70 75 74 20 61 6e 64 | 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 6f |nput and| three o|
|00001a70| 75 74 70 75 74 73 2e 20 | 20 54 68 65 20 6f 75 74 |utputs. | The out|
|00001a80| 70 75 74 73 20 72 65 70 | 72 65 73 65 6e 74 20 61 |puts rep|resent a|
|00001a90| 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 | 62 65 74 77 65 65 6e 20 | number |between |
|00001aa0| 30 20 61 6e 64 20 37 20 | 69 6e 20 62 69 6e 61 72 |0 and 7 |in binar|
|00001ab0| 79 2e 20 20 45 76 65 72 | 79 20 74 69 6d 65 20 74 |y.  Ever|y time t|
|00001ac0| 68 65 20 69 6e 70 75 74 | 20 69 73 20 74 75 72 6e |he input| is turn|
|00001ad0| 65 64 20 4f 4e 20 61 6e | 64 20 4f 46 46 2c 20 74 |ed ON an|d OFF, t|
|00001ae0| 68 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 | 72 20 72 65 70 72 65 73 |he numbe|r repres|
|00001af0| 65 6e 74 65 64 20 62 79 | 20 74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 |ented by| the out|
|00001b00| 70 75 74 20 69 73 20 69 | 6e 63 72 65 61 73 65 64 |put is i|ncreased|
|00001b10| 20 62 79 20 6f 6e 65 20 | 28 63 79 63 6c 69 6e 67 | by one |(cycling|
|00001b20| 20 62 61 63 6b 20 74 6f | 20 30 20 6f 6e 63 65 20 | back to| 0 once |
|00001b30| 69 74 20 72 65 61 63 68 | 65 73 20 37 29 2e 0d 20 |it reach|es 7).. |
|00001b40| 20 20 20 20 43 6f 75 6e | 74 65 72 20 28 61 6e 64 |    Coun|ter (and|
|00001b50| 20 49 6d 70 72 6f 76 65 | 64 20 43 6f 75 6e 74 65 | Improve|d Counte|
|00001b60| 72 29 20 68 61 76 65 20 | 6e 6f 20 69 6e 70 75 74 |r) have |no input|
|00001b70| 20 61 6e 64 20 38 20 6f | 75 74 70 75 74 73 2e 20 | and 8 o|utputs. |
|00001b80| 20 49 74 73 20 6f 75 74 | 70 75 74 73 20 61 72 65 | Its out|puts are|
|00001b90| 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 79 20 | 74 75 72 6e 65 64 20 6f | simply |turned o|
|00001ba0| 6e 20 6f 6e 65 20 61 74 | 20 61 20 74 69 6d 65 2c |n one at| a time,|
|00001bb0| 20 6f 6e 65 20 61 66 74 | 65 72 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 | one aft|er anoth|
|00001bc0| 65 72 2e 20 20 54 68 65 | 20 69 6d 70 72 6f 76 65 |er.  The| improve|
|00001bd0| 6d 65 6e 74 20 69 6e 20 | 74 68 65 20 49 6d 70 72 |ment in |the Impr|
|00001be0| 6f 76 65 64 20 63 6f 75 | 6e 74 65 72 20 69 73 20 |oved cou|nter is |
|00001bf0| 74 68 65 20 61 64 64 69 | 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 |the addi|tion of |
|00001c00| 73 6f 6d 65 20 41 4e 44 | 20 67 61 74 65 73 20 74 |some AND| gates t|
|00001c10| 68 61 74 20 70 72 65 76 | 65 6e 74 20 74 68 65 20 |hat prev|ent the |
|00001c20| 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 66 | 72 6f 6d 20 66 6c 75 74 |output f|rom flut|
|00001c30| 74 65 72 69 6e 67 20 62 | 65 74 77 65 65 6e 20 76 |tering b|etween v|
|00001c40| 61 6c 75 65 73 20 61 73 | 20 74 68 65 79 20 63 68 |alues as| they ch|
|00001c50| 61 6e 67 65 2e 0d 20 20 | 20 20 20 44 20 46 6c 69 |ange..  |   D Fli|
|00001c60| 70 2d 66 6c 6f 70 20 69 | 73 20 61 20 6f 6e 65 2d |p-flop i|s a one-|
|00001c70| 62 69 74 20 6d 65 6d 6f | 72 79 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 |bit memo|ry eleme|
|00001c80| 6e 74 2e 20 20 49 74 20 | 68 61 73 20 74 77 6f 20 |nt.  It |has two |
|00001c90| 69 6e 70 75 74 73 2e 20 | 20 43 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 |inputs. | Call th|
|00001ca0| 65 20 75 70 70 65 72 20 | 6f 6e 65 20 44 61 74 61 |e upper |one Data|
|00001cb0| 2d 49 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 | 74 68 65 20 6c 6f 77 65 |-In and |the lowe|
|00001cc0| 72 20 6f 6e 65 20 53 74 | 6f 72 65 2d 49 74 2e 20 |r one St|ore-It. |
|00001cd0| 20 49 74 20 68 61 73 20 | 6f 6e 65 20 6f 75 74 70 | It has |one outp|
|00001ce0| 75 74 2c 20 77 68 69 63 | 68 20 61 6c 77 61 79 73 |ut, whic|h always|
|00001cf0| 20 72 65 66 6c 65 63 74 | 73 20 74 68 65 20 76 61 | reflect|s the va|
|00001d00| 6c 75 65 20 73 74 6f 72 | 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 |lue stor|ed in th|
|00001d10| 65 20 66 6c 69 70 2d 66 | 6c 6f 70 2e 20 20 54 6f |e flip-f|lop.  To|
|00001d20| 20 73 74 6f 72 65 20 61 | 20 76 61 6c 75 65 2c 20 | store a| value, |
|00001d30| 70 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 | 76 61 6c 75 65 20 6f 6e |put the |value on|
|00001d40| 20 44 61 74 61 2d 49 6e | 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 | Data-In| and the|
|00001d50| 6e 20 74 75 72 6e 20 53 | 74 6f 72 65 2d 49 74 20 |n turn S|tore-It |
|00001d60| 4f 4e 20 61 6e 64 20 74 | 68 65 6e 20 4f 46 46 2e |ON and t|hen OFF.|
|00001d70| 20 20 41 73 20 6c 6f 6e | 67 20 61 73 20 53 74 6f |  As lon|g as Sto|
|00001d80| 72 65 2d 69 74 20 72 65 | 6d 61 69 6e 73 20 4f 46 |re-it re|mains OF|
|00001d90| 46 2c 20 69 74 20 64 6f | 65 73 6e 27 74 20 6d 61 |F, it do|esn't ma|
|00001da0| 74 74 65 72 20 77 68 61 | 74 20 76 61 6c 75 65 20 |tter wha|t value |
|00001db0| 69 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 | 65 20 44 61 74 61 2d 49 |is on th|e Data-I|
|00001dc0| 6e 20 6c 69 6e 65 2e 0d | 20 20 20 20 20 4d 2f 53 |n line..|     M/S|
|00001dd0| 20 46 6c 69 70 2d 66 6c | 6f 70 20 69 73 20 61 6e | Flip-fl|op is an|
|00001de0| 6f 74 68 65 72 20 74 79 | 70 65 20 6f 66 20 6f 6e |other ty|pe of on|
|00001df0| 65 2d 62 69 74 20 73 74 | 6f 72 61 67 65 20 65 6c |e-bit st|orage el|
|00001e00| 65 6d 65 6e 74 2c 20 6d | 61 64 65 20 6f 66 20 74 |ement, m|ade of t|
|00001e10| 77 6f 20 44 20 46 6c 69 | 70 2d 66 6c 6f 70 73 2e |wo D Fli|p-flops.|
|00001e20| 20 20 54 68 65 20 4d 2f | 53 20 73 74 61 6e 64 73 |  The M/|S stands|
|00001e30| 20 66 6f 72 20 4d 61 73 | 74 65 72 2f 53 6c 61 76 | for Mas|ter/Slav|
|00001e40| 65 2e 0d 20 20 20 20 20 | 46 6f 75 72 2d 62 69 74 |e..     |Four-bit|
|00001e50| 20 4d 65 6d 6f 72 79 20 | 63 6f 6d 62 69 6e 65 73 | Memory |combines|
|00001e60| 20 34 20 66 6c 69 70 2d | 66 6c 6f 70 73 20 69 6e | 4 flip-|flops in|
|00001e70| 74 6f 20 61 20 73 69 6d | 70 6c 65 20 6d 65 6d 6f |to a sim|ple memo|
|00001e80| 72 79 20 73 79 73 74 65 | 6d 2e 20 20 49 74 20 68 |ry syste|m.  It h|
|00001e90| 61 73 20 66 6f 75 72 20 | 69 6e 70 75 74 73 2e 20 |as four |inputs. |
|00001ea0| 20 54 68 65 20 74 77 6f | 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 | The two| in the |
|00001eb0| 6d 69 64 64 6c 65 20 72 | 65 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 |middle r|epresent|
|00001ec0| 20 61 6e 20 22 61 64 64 | 72 65 73 73 22 20 74 68 | an "add|ress" th|
|00001ed0| 61 74 20 64 65 74 65 72 | 6d 69 6e 65 73 20 77 68 |at deter|mines wh|
|00001ee0| 69 63 68 20 6f 66 20 74 | 68 65 20 66 6c 69 70 2d |ich of t|he flip-|
|00001ef0| 66 6c 6f 70 73 20 69 73 | 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 |flops is| connect|
|00001f00| 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 | 65 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 |ed to th|e other |
|00001f10| 69 6e 70 75 74 20 61 6e | 64 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 |input an|d output|
|00001f20| 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 2e 20 | 20 4f 6e 63 65 20 74 68 | lines. | Once th|
|00001f30| 65 20 61 64 64 72 65 73 | 73 20 69 73 20 73 65 74 |e addres|s is set|
|00001f40| 2c 20 74 68 65 20 6f 74 | 68 65 72 20 69 6e 70 75 |, the ot|her inpu|
|00001f50| 74 73 20 61 6e 64 20 6f | 75 74 70 75 74 73 20 77 |ts and o|utputs w|
|00001f60| 6f 72 6b 20 6a 75 73 74 | 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 74 68 |ork just| like th|
|00001f70| 6f 73 65 20 66 6f 72 20 | 61 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 |ose for |a single|
|00001f80| 20 44 20 46 6c 69 70 2d | 66 6c 6f 70 2e 0d 20 20 | D Flip-|flop..  |
|00001f90| 20 20 20 54 68 72 65 65 | 2d 62 69 74 20 41 64 64 |   Three|-bit Add|
|00001fa0| 65 72 20 63 61 6e 20 61 | 64 64 20 74 77 6f 20 74 |er can a|dd two t|
|00001fb0| 68 72 65 65 2d 62 69 74 | 20 62 69 6e 61 72 79 20 |hree-bit| binary |
|00001fc0| 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 2c | 20 70 6c 75 73 20 61 20 |numbers,| plus a |
|00001fd0| 63 61 72 72 79 2c 20 70 | 72 6f 64 75 63 69 6e 67 |carry, p|roducing|
|00001fe0| 20 61 20 74 68 72 65 65 | 2d 62 69 74 20 73 75 6d | a three|-bit sum|
|00001ff0| 20 61 6e 64 20 61 20 63 | 61 72 72 79 2d 6f 75 74 | and a c|arry-out|
|00002000| 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 75 | 70 70 65 72 20 74 68 72 |.  The u|pper thr|
|00002010| 65 65 20 69 6e 70 75 74 | 73 20 72 65 70 72 65 73 |ee input|s repres|
|00002020| 65 6e 74 20 74 68 65 20 | 66 69 72 73 74 20 61 64 |ent the |first ad|
|00002030| 64 65 6e 64 2c 20 77 69 | 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 68 |dend, wi|th the h|
|00002040| 69 67 68 2d 6f 72 64 65 | 72 20 62 69 74 20 61 74 |igh-orde|r bit at|
|00002050| 20 74 68 65 20 74 6f 70 | 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 6e | the top|.  The n|
|00002060| 65 78 74 20 74 68 72 65 | 65 20 69 6e 70 75 74 73 |ext thre|e inputs|
|00002070| 20 61 72 65 20 74 68 65 | 20 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 20 | are the| second |
|00002080| 61 64 64 65 6e 64 2c 20 | 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 |addend, |and the |
|00002090| 6c 6f 77 65 72 20 69 6e | 70 75 74 20 69 73 20 74 |lower in|put is t|
|000020a0| 68 65 20 63 61 72 72 79 | 2d 69 6e 2e 20 20 54 68 |he carry|-in.  Th|
|000020b0| 65 20 74 6f 70 20 74 68 | 72 65 65 20 6f 75 74 70 |e top th|ree outp|
|000020c0| 75 74 73 20 72 65 70 72 | 65 73 65 6e 74 20 74 68 |uts repr|esent th|
|000020d0| 65 20 73 75 6d 2c 20 77 | 69 74 68 20 68 69 67 68 |e sum, w|ith high|
|000020e0| 20 6f 72 64 65 72 20 62 | 69 74 20 61 74 20 74 68 | order b|it at th|
|000020f0| 65 20 74 6f 70 2c 20 61 | 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 6c |e top, a|nd the l|
|00002100| 6f 77 65 72 20 6f 75 74 | 70 75 74 20 69 73 20 74 |ower out|put is t|
|00002110| 68 65 20 63 61 72 72 79 | 2d 6f 75 74 2e 0d 0d 00 |he carry|-out....|
|00002120| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00002130| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00002140| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00002150| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00002160| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00002170| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00002180| 00 00 01 00 00 00 01 1a | 00 00 00 1a 00 00 00 32 |........|.......2|
|00002190| 00 18 01 01 01 01 01 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 |........|.......@|
|000021a0| 00 00 00 00 ff ff ff ff | 00 00 00 18 00 00 00 2c |........|.......,|
|000021b0| 13 41 62 6f 75 74 20 78 | 4c 6f 67 69 63 43 69 72 |.About x|LogicCir|
|000021c0| 63 75 74 73 02 00 00 00 | 50 61 72 74 53 49 54 21 |cuts....|PartSIT!|
|000021d0| 00 00 50 61 72 74 53 49 | 54 21 00 00 00 00 00 00 |..PartSI|T!......|
|000021e0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|000021f0| 00 00 ab ef d9 10 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 01 4c 00 00 |........|.....L..|
|00002200| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 49 43 4f 4e 03 84 00 00 |........|ICON....|
|00002210| 64 6f 70 6c 68 73 62 74 | 6f 62 6a 64 00 00 00 3a |doplhsbt|objd...:|
|00002220| 62 75 74 6e 00 00 0b c2 | 00 14 00 12 01 01 00 00 |butn....|........|
|00002230| 00 00 00 00 00 18 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 ff ff |........|........|
|00002240| ff ff 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00002250| 00 00 49 43 4f 4e 03 84 | 00 00 64 6f 70 6c 68 73 |..ICON..|..doplhs|
|00002260| 62 74 6f 62 6a 64 00 00 | 00 3a 62 75 74 6e 00 00 |btobjd..|.:butn..|
|00002270| 0b c3 00 14 00 12 01 01 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30 |........|.......0|
|00002280| 00 00 00 16 00 01 00 00 | 00 00 00 10 00 0c 00 01 |........|........|
|00002290| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 |........|........|
|000022a0| 01 1a 00 00 00 1a 00 00 | 00 32 00 a7 74 d8 0e b2 |........|.2..t...|
|000022b0| 00 00 00 1c 00 32 00 00 | 73 74 79 6c 00 00 00 0a |.....2..|styl....|
|000022c0| 00 80 ff ff 00 00 00 00 | 00 a7 77 a4 00 00 00 00 |........|..w.....|
|000022d0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|000022e0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|000022f0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+